Wednesday, November 20, 2013

Stronger Than the Chains That Bind

12 Years a Slave, adapted for the screen by John Ridley, follows the abduction of Solomon Northrup, a freed Northern Black man, into slavery in the 19th century South.  Lured away from his wife and children by the promise of easy money, he is sold on the slave block, savagely beaten, betrayed and tormented for the next 12 years, prompting the filmgoing audience to react much the way I've heard Abe Lincoln reacted upon witnessing the ripping apart of Black families on the port auction blocks. I've heard Lincoln gripped his fists so tightly, he drew blood.  I'm quite certain the audience in the theater may have as well.  Uncertain why this actual historical account was not reading material when I was in high school, I'm delighted the book is now making that cut.  Steve McQueen did a superb job of visually impacting us with the horror of man's inhumanity to man, but he reached beyond this horror to confront each of us with the horror of our own enslavement to fear. He builds the outrage from the general to the specific.  Through Solomon Northrup's eyes, we hate the institution of slavery, we disdain the master that holds us, we witness the betrayal of friends until we face the fear that silences our self. Fear strong enough to not only prompt us to turn a blind eye to the atrocities, but forces us to join in the atrocity itself.  Stronger than the chains that bind is the fear that enslaves us. 

I walked out wondering, "why didn't the blacks revolt?"  "how does one man become lord over another?" "why did most of society turn a blind eye?" and came to the conclusion, we truly worship the creation more than its Creator, therefore, we fear man rather than God and I understood then why Jesus came in a time of Roman enslavement to drive home that we are truly slaves to sin, for it is God only that we should fear.  Those questions led me to ask, "what would I have done? what would have been my duty?"  I knew.  I knew because I am silent now.

Slavery's roots reach way back to the beginning of time, watered by the very first sin in the Garden where Eve sold us on the slave block of sin, and God clenched His fists and drew blood.  And remember Joseph, the last of Jacob's 12 sons sold into slavery way back in the 19th century BC?  Or how about the Hebrews sold into slavery in Egypt?  Or the captives brought to Babylon?  Or the serfdom of Sparta?  And while we all agree slavery was the darkest chapter in America's history, the atrocity of the 18th and 19th  centuries, most of us probably believe we would have been the fearful hero of the story, Brad Pitt. Civilizations have always enslaved others to dominate, to build, to grow rich - not just in the pre-industrial or labor-intensive agricultural arenas, but in every age - why I dare say, it's even taking place today.  Think the sex traffic market.  Think sweat shops.  Think abortion.

Yes, abortion.  The ugly evil that has now killed over 55,000,000 babies in America alone since the law condoned it and society has turned a blind eye - that, my friend, is 51 million more dead babies than the 1860 census counted people into slavery.   "Why, I would never have an abortion, you say, but I certainly think a woman should have the right to one." Like Steve McQueen's narrowing down of societal guilt to personal, a municipal election held yesterday (Nov. 19th) in Albuquerque, New Mexico, brought the abortion issue the closest it can get to "personal" with the city voting its assent to late-term abortions. I just don't get how we can consider the brutality of whippings and the immoral advocacy of slavery more a crime than the ripping apart of little babies for the sake of convenience. You might say "a woman has a right to choose what to do with her own body" like one Albuquerque voter, but a baby is not her body and her choice was prior to conception and how is that different from, "a man has a right to do what he chooses with his property (i.e. slaves)?"  Is it egregious only because we "see" the slave? or acceptable because it's the law?  Perhaps it will take a gutsy filmmaker to capture the visual image of real babies being torn apart limb by limb and an audience that reacts in horror.  Or you might say "I don't want the government interfering with my medical decisions," but that would be the same as saying the government should not have interfered with the institution of slavery.  Delegate John Rutledge of South Carolina inferred just that at the Constitutional Convention of 1787:  "Religion and humanity have nothing to do with the questions" [of whether the Constitution should protect slavery -- it was simply a question of property rights].  Think about that when you see 12 Years a Slave.  As much as we'd like to fool ourselves to appease our conscience, a baby is not her mother's body as surely as a slave was not his master's property and our society has agreed we will defend the rights of individuals to life.  We do so because our form of government is based on that right being from our Creator and that right (amongst others) being inalienable.  At least a slave could defend himself.  Not so the baby in the combat zone.

Fear drives us, but it is misplaced fear that enslaves us.  If a man says there is no Creator, then truly man is the measure of all things and can do as he pleases.  But if a man holds there is a Creator, as our own Constitution declares, then should we not fear Him who is the measure of all things?  What is our duty?  Jesus, responding to a lawyer testing Him, answered that the greatest commandment of the Law is, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. This is the great and foremost commandment.  The second is like it, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend the whole Law and the Prophets."

Proverbs 24:11-14 effectively shocks and elicits action in much the same way as the movie - "Deliver  those who are being taken away to death, and those who are staggering to slaughter, Oh hold them back.  If you say, 'See, we did not know this,' Does He not consider it who weighs the hearts? And does He not know it who keeps your soul? And will He not render to man according to his work? My son, eat honey, for it is good, Yes, the honey from the comb is sweet to your taste; know that wisdom is thus for your soul; If you find it, then there will be a future, and your hope will not be cut off."  

Or like William Wilberforce, that great abolitionist of England, accused, "You may choose to look the other way, but you can never say you did not know."  Wilberforce would speak in Parliament, draped in chains, and was hated for the truth.

Psalm 111:10 says "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; A good understanding have all those who do His commandments."  Proverbs 9:10 adds..."and the knowledge of the Holy One IS understanding."  

And to quote Frederick Douglass, "Knowledge makes a man unfit to be a slave."  I would add that sin is the greatest taskmaster.  So what shall we do about sin?

Psalm 25:14
"The secret of the Lord is for those who fear Him, and He will make them know of His covenant."

Isaiah 1:18 
"Come now, and let us reason together," says the Lord, "Though your sins are as scarlet, they will be white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool."

"Those who will not reason, are bigots, those who cannot, are fools, and those who dare not, are slaves."  George Gordon Byron


Friday, November 15, 2013

The Cyrus Cylinder

THE TEN MOST LONG-LIVED EMPIRES
Portuguese 1415-1999   (584 yrs)
Ottoman         1299-1922 (623 yrs)
Khmer   802-1432 (630 yrs)
Ethiopian 1270-1935 (665 yrs)
Kanem   700-1376 (676 yrs)
Holy Roman   962-1806 (844 yrs)
Silla               57 BC-AD 935 (991 yrs)
Venetian           697-1797 (1,100 yrs)
Kush   1070 BC-AD 350 (1,419 yrs)
Roman       27 BC-AD 1453  (1,480 yrs)
_______________________________________________
There was a man who stood to speak
At the funeral of a friend
He referred to the dates on her tombstone
From the beginning to the end. 
He noted that first came her date of her birth
And spoke the following date with tears
But he said what mattered most of all
Was the dash between those years.  
Excerpt from "The Dash" by Linda Ellis 

What is true about an individual is also true about an empire, though its life and death might instead be referred to as the Rise and Fall Of.  A few days ago, I had the serendipitous privilege of visiting a special exhibit at the Getty Villa displaying The Cyrus Cylinder.  Admittedly, I did not know what the Cyrus Cylinder really was, nor the script upon it, nor the importance of The Cylinder, but knew that it was Cyrus who issued the decree that the Jews taken captive in Babylon could return to Jerusalem and rebuild its Temple and worship their God.  Therefore, I was curious.

Again, it amazes me how God works to teach us in our lives: an exhibit arouses my curiosity, then both my reading location in the Chronological Bible [Jeremiah 31-38] and a Bible Study [Esther: Its Tough Being a Woman] I attended days later begins to fill in the blanks.  But the cylinder brought to life my learning.

First, my reading followed the Babylonian captivity of Judah during the days of Jeremiah the prophet.  The Babylonians (think: Iraq) wrested power from the Assyrians (who had conquered Egypt and Israel, the Northern Kingdom, approximately 100 years prior).  The Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II captured the Southern Kingdom of Judah, bringing Jewish exiles - mostly of the upper ruling class and skilled craftspeople - to Babylon, amongst them the surrendering King Jehoiachin and a young lad named Daniel.  The unskilled, poorer Jewish population remained in Jerusalem under the rule of King Zedekiah (Jehoiachin's uncle) who promised loyalty to Nebuchadnezzar.  The captive Jews of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were assimilated into the land of the Assyrians virtually losing their Jewish identity, contrary to the captive Jews of Judah into Babylon who were allowed to form their own communities, encouraging their Jewish identity.  Zedekiah solicited the king of Egypt to join him in throwing off the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar.

Jeremiah was given the difficult task of being the naysayer in a day when the people and King Zedekiah only wanted to hear positive affirmations (sounds a bit like today, right?).  Jeremiah repeatedly called the people to repentance, reminding them that all this was come upon them because of the sins of Manasseh and the innocent blood that he shed [Jer. 24:3-4].  Zedekiah, seeking a positive prophetic word, received instead Jeremiah's sharp rebuke:  "Deceive not yourselves, saying, the Chaldeans (Babylonians) shall surely depart from us: for they shall not depart...they shall rise up every man in his tent and burn this city." [Jer. 37:9-10].  The people thought the King of Egypt would scare Nebuchadnezzar, and for a moment it looked like Jeremiah was the fool and the people were right.  Jeremiah left Jerusalem to separate himself from the people.  The princes accused Jeremiah of deserting - being on the side of the Babylonians - and cast him into a dungeon, only to be pulled out many days later by King Zedekiah for a "secret" word from the Lord.  Jeremiah repeated "thou shalt be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon." The king threw him back in prison.  The princes further demanded Jeremiah's death when he stated, "he that remains in this city shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence:  but he that goes forth to Babylon shall live; for he shall have his life for a prey, and shall live." [Jer. 38:2]  The princes cried, "let this man be put to death: for thus he weakens the hands of the men of war that remain in this city, and the hands of all the people in speaking such words unto them:  for this man seeks not the welfare of this people, but the hurt." [Jer. 38:4]  Again, he is cast into the dungeon filled with mud.  When a brave Ethiopian begs for mercy on Jeremiah, the king has Jeremiah lifted out of the dungeon and brought to him for yet another word from the Lord.  This time, the king even begs, "hide nothing from me!"  Like the scene from A Few Good Men where Tom Cruise begs the truth from Jack Nicholson who fervently counters, "You can't handle the truth!",  Zedekiah begs the truth from Jeremiah.



Jeremiah responds with, "If I declare it unto thee, wilt thou not surely put me to death?"

So Jeremiah speaks a word from the Lord paraphrased, "if you go before Babylon's princes, you shall live and Jerusalem shall not be burned....but if you don't go, they shall burn the city with fire and you won't escape." [Jer. 38:17-18]

Finally, Zedekiah speaks the truth - not that he believes Jeremiah's word from the Lord - but the truth about himself:  "I am afraid of the Jews that are fallen to the Chaldeans (Babylonians), lest they deliver me into their hand, and they mock me!"  Boy, those words convict me!  Jeremiah beseeches Zedekiah to obey and Zedekiah asks Jeremiah NOT to tell the princes what happened between them, but to rather say, "I begged Zedekiah for my life!"  An obligation Jeremiah keeps, but Zedekiah does not.

Zedekiah does not harken to the word of the Lord and Jer. 39:5-7 shows fulfillment of God's word to Jeremiah - the Babylonians capture Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho, slay his sons before his eyes, put out Zedekiah's eyes, burn the city, break down its walls.  Thus, Babylon captures Jerusalem and destroys the first temple.

Secondly, the bible study in Esther follows the rise of Medo-Persian Empire (think: Iran), wresting power from the Babylonians. You all know this historical conquest by the use of our phrase "the writing's on the wall."  Belshazzar, grandson of Nebuchadnezzar, ruling over Babylon, threw a huge party using the spoils of Solomon's temple as the drinking vessels, toasting the "gods of gold, silver, brass, iron, wood and stone," when the finger of God wrote "Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin" upon the wall, leaving Belshazzar physically and mentally tormented.  Enter the young lad, now older by some years, Daniel.  He interprets the writing on the wall:
Mene: God has numbered thy kingdom and finished it.
Tekel: Thou art weighed in the balances and found wanting.
Peres:  Thy kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians.  
That night Belshazzar is slain and Darius the Mede takes over.

Yet Darius is not alone in his conquest.  The Medes are in cooperation with the Persians and Cyrus rules the Persians.

Immediately, Cyrus issues the decree spoken of in Ezra 1 - and witnessed by The Cylinder.
"Thus saith Cyrus king of Persia, 'The Lord God of heaven hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth: and he hath charged me to build him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Who is there among you of all his people?  his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of Israel (he is the God,) which is in Jerusalem...."
The Cyrus Cylinder - photographed at the Getty Villa

During this time, many Jews left Babylon and returned to Jerusalem, but many, now comfortable in their assimilated lives remained in Babylon under the Medes and Persians, whose kingdoms were intertwined by marriages - Darius married Cyrus' daughter Atossa, their son Xerxes or Ahasuerus married Belshazzar's (grandson of Babylon's Nebuchadnezzar) daughter Vashti. Interestingly enough, Cyrus wrote that Belshazzar was a coward - yet Belshazzar's daughter was given to Cyrus' grandson Ahasuerus.
I'm starting to understand why, at times, I get so lost when it comes to history.....
Knowing Vashti's heritage gave me some insight as to why she refused her husband's command to show her beauty to his guests.  Her husband, the mighty King Ahasuerus, held a feast for 180 days to specifically show off the riches of his kingdom and majesty to his princes and servants.  Then for the next seven days held a feast to show off in the palace, summoning Vashti to come before the people and show off her beauty [Esther 1].  She refused.  More than just insulted that she was an object of Ahasuerus' possessions, she was an object of conquest and I believe Vashti possibly remembered the "flaunting" banquet of her grandfather Belshazzar when the kingdom was taken from him.  Ahasuerus had to harken to his seven princes who advised Vashti be sent away and another queen be found lest all the conquered peoples lose respect for him.

The queen found, of course, would be Esther.  Esther, the adopted child of her uncle, Mordecai the Jew.  The Jew who had remained in Babylon rather than return to Jerusalem.  For such a time as this.

My visiting the Cyrus Cylinder was for such a time as this.  To spark my interest in and love of the Scriptures that fill in the history.  To ignite my passion for knowing God.  Like Paul expounds in 2 Tim. 4:7,  I'd like my dash to simply bear witness that, "I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith."

Cyrus, after his Babylonian conquest, had his scribes write this of his life:
"All the people of Tintir (Babylon), of all Sumer and Akkad, nobles and governors, bowed down before him and kissed his feet, rejoicing over his kingship, and their faces shone.
The lord through whose help all were rescued from death and who saved them all from distress and hardship, they blessed him sweetly and praised his name.
'I am Cyrus, king of the universe, the great king, the powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters of the world,
son of Cambyses, the great king, king of the city of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, the great king, king of the city of Anshan, descendenat of Teispes, the great king, king of the city of Anshan,
the perpetual seed of kingship, whose reign Bel (Marduk) and Nabu love, and with whose kingship, to their joy, they concern themselves.' "
I listed at the beginning of this post, the Ten Most Long-Lived Empires, yet the Babylonian and Medo-Persian Empires are not amongst them.

Cyrus' testament to his monument tells quite another, perhaps more modest, story.  "O man - I am Cyrus, son of Cambyses, who founded the Persian Empire and ruled Asia.  So do not begrudge me this monument."
Cyrus Monument in southern Iran, photo taken at Getty Villa









For further study:
TED Talk on the Cyrus 
IHF America: The Significance of the Cyrus Cylinder
King Belshazzar and Darius the Mede
Zedekiah: the Last King of Israel

Note:  Again, as always I urge you to study these things yourself, for I too, am just learning and don't claim to complete accuracy, try as I might!  I always welcome your comments and corrections!